பள்ளர் பறையர் மற்றும் சக்கிலியர் இனத்தவர்கள் கர்நாடகாவிலும் கன்னடத்தை தாய்மொழியாய் பேசும் குடிமக்களாய் வாழ்கின்றனர் இதில் பறையரின் பிரிவினராக மளாஸ் மற்றும் கோலியாஸ் என்று கூறுகின்றனர்.
இங்கு மைசூருக்கு அருகில் உள்ள மேலக்கோட்டை சாளுவ நாராயனர் ஆலயத்தில் அரிஜனங்கள்[பள்ளர்(Mallas),பறையர்(Holeyas ),சக்கிலியர்(Madigas)] ஆலய பிரவேசம் செய்வதை மைசூரை ஆண்ட கிருஷ்ன ராஜ உடையார் தாழ்த்த பட்டவரை உள்ளே அனுமதிக்க மறுத்து விட்டார்.

Melukote Chaluva Narayana Templethe right of the outcastes (Mallas, Holeyas and Madigas) to enter the temple was stopped at the dhvaja stambham, the consecrated monolithic column, from which point alone can they now obtain a view of the god.”

>இதைத்தான் தமிழில் மள்ளர்(பள்ளர்(அ)உழுகுடியினர்),கோலியர் (அ) கோலியப்பறையராகும்.சக்கிலியர்கள் இங்கு மதிகா அல்லது மாத்தேரி என்று அழைக்கபடுகின்றனர்.ஆக பள்ளரும் பறையரும் சக்கிலியரும் தென்மாநிலமெங்கும் தாழ்த்தபட்டவர்களாக வாழ்கின்றனர் என்பது உன்மை.இங்கு பள்ளர்,பறையர் ஒரே பிரிவினராக உள்ளனர்.இவர்களின் தாய்மொழி கன்னடம்.இவர்கள் இங்கிருந்தே தமிழ்நாட்டுக்கு அனுப்ப,வொக்காலிக கவுடரால் நாயக்கர் ஆட்சியில் உழுகுடிகளாக குடியேற்றப்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும் என்பதே தின்னம்.

வடுக பள்ளர் 

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பள்ளர்கள் தங்களை வடுக பள்ளர் எனவும் ஆந்திராவில் இருந்து வந்தவர்கள் எனவும் பழனி கோவில் செப்பேட்டில் தங்களை கொணர்ந்து பழனிக்கு குடியேறியது பழனி நாயக்கர்கள் தான் என குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளனர்

The Holeyas (Mallas) suffered until their importance was realized by the Krisna Raja Wodeyar. But an irreproachable damage was done to the pride and prestige of the Mallas by then. The benevolent Wodeyar to mitigate the sour memories of the Holeyas constructed the Modern English School in Malavally; in the place where the battle took place and predominantly habited by the Mallas, the Holeyas were preferentially employed by his government; in his factories and offices and Malavally got hydro power stations and electricity.

The Holeya Keris ( Areas Principally habited by Holeyas) got the first electrified houses and electrical street lights even prior to the Mysore Palace. Thus modern education and modern life style creeped into the houses of Holeyas and they contributed to the first batch of modern medicine doctors, engineers, civil servants, and teachers of Mysore Kingdom. The reasons mentioned here explain enough about the high academic, finanacial, political and social levels achieved by the Holeyas of Malavally in particular and those of Old Mysore region of Karnataka in general.

A few such acts of generosity shown by the King have brought back the confidence among the Holeyas in Malavally. Today they can be seen in all the walks of life. They don’t forget the King. One can see the photographs of both Sri Kisna Raja Wodeyar as well as Tipu Sultan in the Houses of Holeyas on par with their god Malle Madappa (Malai Madeshwara) and their ancestors

காலாடி என்ற பட்டம் கொண்ட பள்ளர் பறையர் இங்கு குலவாடி(தோட்டி):

காலாடி என்ற பட்டம் கொண்ட பள்ளர் பறையர் தமிழ்நாட்டில் கானப்படுகின்றனர்.(எ-டு) வென்னிக்காலாடி என்ற பள்ளர்களின் சுதந்திர போராளி. இங்கு காலாடியை குலவாடி (அ) தோட்டி வேலை செய்பவராக அறியப்படுகின்ரார். கர்நாடகாவில் பள்ளர்,பறையருக்கு குலவாடி என்ற வேலை இறப்புகிரியம் செய்பவர் என்பது இதன் அர்த்தம் குலவாடி ஆனால் கர்நாடகாவில் இவர்கள் கிரமத்தால் நியமிக்க படுகின்றனர்.

The Toti or Kulavadi (he who directs the ryots), always a Holaya, is a recognized and indispensable member of every village corporation. In his official position he the village policeman, the beadle of the village community, the headman’s henchman: but in the rights and privileges which yet cling to him we get glimpses of his former estate, and find proofs that the Hoilayar were first to establish villages. All the castes unhesitatingly admit that the Kulavadi is (de jure) the owner of the village. If there is a dispute as to the village boundaries, the Kulavadi is the only one competent to take the oath as to how the boundary ought to run and to this day a village boundary dispute is often decided by this one fact- if the Kulavadis agree, the other inhabitants of the village can say no more. Formerly when village was first established, a large stone, called Karukallu*, was set up within it. To such stones the Patel** once a year makes an offering, but the Kulavadi, after the ceremony is over, is entitled to carry off the rice, &c., offered, and in cases where there is no Patel, the Kulavadi performs the ceremony.

“In a note on the Kulwadis, Kulvadis or Chalavadis of the Hassan district in Mysore, Captain J.S.F. Mackenzie writes, all the thousand-and- one castes, whose members find a home in the village, unhesitatingly admit that the Kulwadi is de jure the rightful owner of the village. He who was is still, in a limited sense, ‘lord of the village manor.’ If there is a dispute as to the village boundaries, the Kulwadi is the only one competent to take the oath as to how the boundary ought to run. The old custom for setting such disputes was as follows. The Kulwadi, carrying on his head a ball made of the village earth, in the centre of which is placed some water, passes along the boundary. If he has kept the proper line, everything goes well; but should he, by accident, even go beyond his own proper boundary, then the ball of earth, of its own accord, goes to pieces, the Kulwadi dies within fifteen days, and his house becomes a ruin. Such is the popular belief. Again, the skins of all animals dying within the village boundaries are the property of the Kulwadi, and a good income he makes from this source. To this day village boundary dispute is often decided by this one fact. If The Kulawadis agree, the other inhabitants of the villagers can say no more. When-in our forefathers’ days, as the natives say-a village was first established, as stone called ‘karu kallu’ is set up. To this stone the Patel once a year makes an offering. The Kulwadi, after the ceremony is over, is entitled to carry off the rice, etc., offered. In cases where there is no Patel, the Kulwadi goes through the yearly ceremony. But what I think proves strongly that the Holia was the first to take possession of the soil is that the Kulwadi receives, and is entitled to receive, from the friends of any person who dies in the village, a certain fee or as my informant forcibly put it, ‘they buy from him the ground for the dead.’ This fee is still called in Canarese nela haga, from nela earth, and haga, a coin worth 1 anna 2 pies. In Munzerabad the Kulwadi does not receive this fee from those ryots who are related to the headman. Here the Kulwadi occupies a higher position. He has, in fact, been adopted into the Patel’s family, for, on a death occurring in such family, the Kulwadi goes into mourning by shaving his head. He always receives from the friends the clothes the deceased wore, and a brass basin. The Kulwadi, however, owns a superior in the matter of burial fees. He pays yearly a fowl, one hana (4annas 8 pies), and a handful of rice to the agent of the Sudgadu Sidha, or lord of the burning ground.”
கண்டதேவி ஹிஜிரா கல்வெட்டு புலையர்,பாணர்,பள்ளர்,பறையர் ஆகிய கீழ் சாதிகள் என குறிப்பிடபட்டுள்ளது.

கோலியாஸ் என்பர்கள் கோலியப்பறையர்களே கன்னட ஆதாரம்:

கோலியாஸ் என்ற பறையரும் மள்ளர் என்ற பள்ளரும் ஒன்றே.பள்ளரும் பறையரும் அங்கு உழுகுடிகளாக வாழ்கின்றனர்.கோலியாஸ் என்பது தமிழில் கோலியப் பறையன் என்றும் மலையாளத்தில் புலையன் என்று அறியப்படுகின்றது.

“ஆயர் சாணார் இடயர் போன்ற சமுதாய்த்தவரும்”………..

பள்ளர் பறையர்:

“Holeyas are the field labourers, and former agrestic serfs of South Canara, Pulayan being the Malayalam and Paraiyan the Tamil form of the same word. The name is derived by Brahmins from hole, pollution, and by others from hola, land or soil, in recognition of the fact that, as in the case of the Paraiyan, there are coustoms remaining which seem to indicate that the Holeyas were once masters of the land; but, whatever the derivation may be, it is no doubt the same as that of Paraiyan and Pulayan. The Holeyas are divided into many sub-divisions, but the most important are Mari, Mera, and Mundala or Bakuda. . .”

மள்ளர் என்ற பள்ளர்வெளி கர்நாடகாவில் தான் உள்ளது:

மள்ளர் என்ற பள்ளர்கள் கர்நாடகாவில் தான் உள்ளார்கள் இவர்கள் கர்நாடக பூர்வ குடியினர்.பள்ளர்கள் கர்நாடகாவில் உள்ள கோலியாஸ்(பறையர்)ரில் உட்பிரிவினராக வாழ்கிறார்கள்.எனவே வலைதளத்தில் பள்ளர்கள் கூறும் காவிரியில் அமைந்த மருத நிலம் கர்நாடகாவில் தான் உள்லது.இவர்கள் கன்னடகுடியினர் என்பதே உன்மை.இவர்கள் திப்பு சுல்தான் காலத்தில் மள்ளர் போர்வீரர்களாக இருந்தனர்.பின்பு வந்த கிருஷ்ன ராஜ உடையாரால் படையில் இருந்து மறுக்க பட்ட்னர்.
The Mallas in the battle

The Malas or Holeyas who were called Malloyis by Tolemy and also called Mallas by the British in their writings were the major antagonists of the British in the battle. Tipu sultan trusted the Malla soldiers more than any of his other soldiers for their bravery, obedience, and battle worthiness. It was one of the reasons why the battle took place in Mallavelly; the present Malavally in the Mandya district of Karnataka. The Malla soldiers attacking the Colonel Arthur Wellesley ’s British army can be seen in the painting shown at the top of the article. The Holeyas of Malavally have a sour memory of the battle even now. In their tongue you can hear the idiom Mir Sadiq for any one who betrays the master. One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with iron -cased rocket brigades in the army. The effect of these weapons on the British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars was sufficiently impressive to inspire William Congreve to develop the Congreve rockets . This was the last of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars . The Holeyas used the gun powder and the rocket technology to defend their Mysore Kingdom. The reminiscence of the battle and the rocket technology can be seen even today in the use of gun powder in the temples controlled by the Holeyas of Malavally Taluq. In the Mane Manchi (Mancheshwari) temple in Halasally Village no festivity goes without the sound of the gunpowder and the rockets launched by the Ur Yajaman (the leader of the Village). The puppet government of the British which took over the reins of the administration of the Mysore kingdom under the instructions of the British commissioner who was posted to Mysore to advise the King on all issues led by the Diwan Poornaiah issued orders to the Mallas not to use rockets, gunpowder, their traditional Bichchugatti (Open sword), Choori (a bent knife), Kathari (Battle Worthy Knife), Beesu Kodli( Axe used in the Battles) and Eradu Nalage Machchu ( Double edged machete). Apart from these military restrictions the Holeyas suffered at the hands of the British puppet government and lost several religious and traditional privileges enjoyed in the first grade temples of the Mysore Kingdom. To quote here the words of Mr. Edgar Thurston “In 1799 (after the battle of Mallavelly), however, when the the Dewan (prime minister) Purnaiya visited the holy place, (Melukote Chaluva Narayana Temple), the right of the outcastes (Mallas, Holeyas and Madigas) to enter the temple was stopped at the dhvaja stambham, the consecrated monolithic column, from which point alone can they now obtain a view of the god.” The Holeyas (Mallas) suffered until their importance was realized by the Krisna Raja Wodeyar. But an irreproachable damage was done to the pride and prestige of the Mallas by then. The benevolent Wodeyar to mitigate the sour memories of the Holeyas constructed the Modern English School in Malavally; in the place where the battle took place and predominantly habited by the Mallas, the Holeyas were preferentially employed by his government; in his factories and offices and Malavally got hydro power stations and electricity. The Holeya Keris ( Areas Principally habited by Holeyas) got the first electrified houses and electrical street lights even prior to the Mysore Palace. Thus modern education and modern life style creeped into the houses of Holeyas and they contributed to the first batch of modern medicine doctors, engineers, civil servants, and teachers of Mysore Kingdom. The reasons mentioned here explain enough about the high academic, finanacial, political and social levels achieved by the Holeyas of Malavally in particular and those of Old Mysore region of Karnataka in general. A few such acts of generosity shown by the King have brought back the confidence among the Holeyas in Malavally. Today they can be seen in all the walks of life. They don’t forget the King. One can see the photographs of both Sri Kisna Raja Wodeyar as well as Tipu Sultan in the Houses of Holeyas on par with their god Malle Madappa (Malai Madeshwara) and their ancestors.

The Mysore system fully permits the Holeyas and Madigs to hold land in their own right, and as sub-tenants they are to be found almost everywhere. The highest amount of land assessment paid by a single Holeya is Rs.279 in the Bangalore district, and the lowest six pies in the Kolar and Mysore districts. The quota paid by the outcastes towards the land revenue of the country aggregates no less than three lakhs of rupees; more than two-thirds were being paid by the Holeyas, and the remainder by the Madigs. These facts speak of themselves, and afford a reliable index to the comparative well-being of these people. Instances may also be readily quoted, in which individual Holeyas, etc., have risen to be money-lenders, and enjoy comparative affluence.”

References 1. Mysorean Military Commanders and Officials at Sedaseer and Seringapatam in 1799 2. Castes and Tribes of Southern India by Edgar Thurston